![]() Scrub typhus is endemic to geographically distinct regions, including Asia-Pacific countries. Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Clinically relevant parameters or the variables that were significantly associated with AKI from univariable analyses were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Patient baseline characteristics from two groups were compared using the t test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. ![]() All data are presented as means ± standard deviations unless otherwise specified. Previous abnormalities such as sequalae from pulmonary tuberculosis were excluded from this study. The presence of fissure thickening, pleural effusion, or cardiomegaly was also recorded. Plain chest radiographs were used to identify the following abnormalities: septal lines, pulmonary congestion, patchy consolidation, and focal atelectasis ( Fig. Chest radiograph images were reviewed by two radiologists and a final decision was reached by consensus. Renal replacement therapy was initiated using standard indications. RIFLE category was assigned according to each patient’s worst values for serum creatinine, eGFR, and urine output criteria. When baseline serum creatinine was not available, it was calculated using the standard four-variable MDRD formula, assuming an eGFR of 75 mL/min/1.73 m 2. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. AKI was defined based on the RIFLE (acronym indicating Risk of renal dysfunction Injury to the kidney Failure of kidney function, Loss of kidney function and End-stage kidney disease) criteria, and patients were categorized into risk (R), injury (I) or failure (F) categories. Patients’ baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were reviewed upon admission and during the follow-up period. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, South Korea (approval number: 6). ![]() Therefore, a total of 467 patients were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups, normal chest radiograph (NCR) or abnormal chest radiograph (AbNCR), according to the chest radiography findings on admission. Patients who were transferred from a local hospital or who underwent anteroposterior (AP) chest X-ray on admission were also excluded from this study. We also excluded patients who were not followed-up during complete renal function recovery or for at least three months after discharge. Patients who were transferred to another hospital during treatment or had concomitant infections like leptospirosis, malaria, or dengue fever were excluded from the study. This study indicated that animal waste like hoofs can be converted to useful gelatin hydrolysate using microbial gelatinase and used for various applications.Between 20, we reviewed 501 patients who presented with acute febrile illness and rash and were diagnosed with scrub typhus, which was confirmed by positive immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA InBios International Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). The hydrolysis has maximum activity at 4 h incubation period and at a high amount of enzyme concentration. The production process for the gelatin hydrolysis was optimized by varying enzyme concentration and incubation time. ![]() The enzyme was used to produce gelatin hydrolysate by hydrolyzing animal hooves. The isolate produced more enzymes with the addition of peptone as a nitrogen source. The optimum enzyme production under solid-state fermentation includes an incubation period of 120 h and a moisture content of 66.7%. Gelatinase was optimally active at a temperature of 50☌ and at pH 8. The organism can grow under solid-state fermentation and produce gelatinase enzyme with a high activity using wheat bran as a carbon source. One isolate was selected for further analysis based on the eminent properties of the enzymatic reaction. All isolates were screened for the production of gelatinase on gelatin-containing media. A total of 100 bacterial isolates were isolated from soil and water samples. This study aimed to isolate the gelatinase enzyme from bacteria and optimize the reaction condition for gelatin hydrolysis. In recent years gelatin hydrolysates have gained a considerable indication in the applications of food and non-food products. Gelatinases are enzymes used to hydrolyze gelatin into peptides and amino acids. ![]() Enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin increases its functional, textural, and nutritional characteristics. ![]()
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